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What is a translation unit?

A translation unit is the smallest portion of a sentence whose words cannot be translated separately without resulting in a mistranslation or nonsense.

There are various categories of translation units:

Lexical translation units (words or groups of words forming a semantic unit and  their TL equivalents as found in dictionaries)

Grammatical translation units (based on cohesive grammatical structures which are different between S.L. and T.L.)

Message translation units (i.e.T.U. extended to entire messages when there are metalinguistic obstacles, that is to say socio-cultural divergences, between the 2 languages)
                            
What are some of the main problems in translation?

Ø Polysemy  and trying to translate words outside of their context
Ø Faux Amis (deceptive cognates) and partial Faux Amis
Ø Concepts which exist in one language but not in the other
Ø Different grammatical structures and word order
Ø Stylistic preferences for certain grammatical structures in one language over others in the second language
Ø Idiomatic expressions and set phrases
Ø Metalinguistic obstacles stemming from cultural differences

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Steps in Translation

Text in Translation

Translation Procedures

Shifting in Translation

V-Flat Translation Theory

Two-Pole Theory (F&D)